ORCCA Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions

Section 12.3 Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions

Objectives: PCC Course Content and Outcome Guide

[cross-reference to target(s) "ccog-operations-on-rational-functions" missing or not unique]

In the last section, we learned how to multiply and divide rational expressions. In this section, we will learn how to add and subtract rational expressions.

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Figure 12.3.1. Alternative Video Lesson

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Subsection 12.3.1 Introduction

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Example 12.3.2.

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Julia is taking her family on a boat trip

12

miles down the river and back. The river flows at a speed of

2

miles per hour and she wants to drive the boat at a constant speed,

v

miles per hour downstream and back upstream. Due to the current of the river, the actual speed of travel is

v + 2

miles per hour going downstream, and

v - 2

miles per hour going upstream. If Julia plans to spend

8

hours for the whole trip, how fast should she drive the boat?

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We need to review three forms of the formula for movement at a constant rate:

\begin{aligned} d & = v t & v & = \frac{d}{t} & t & = \frac{d}{v} \end{aligned}

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where

d

stands for distance,

v

represents speed, and

t

stands for time. According to the third form, the time it takes the boat to travel downstream is

\frac{12}{v + 2},

and the time it takes to get back upstream is

\frac{12}{v - 2} .

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The function to model the time of the whole trip is

t (v) = \frac{12}{v - 2} + \frac{12}{v + 2}

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where

t

stands for time in hours, and

v

is the boat’s speed in miles per hour. Let’s look at the graph of this function in Figure 3. Note that since the speed

v

and the time

t (v)

should be positive in context, it’s only the first quadrant of Figure 3 that matters.

a Cartesian grid of the rational function which has 3 separate segments;a curve in the lower left quadrant;a middle curve that goes through the origin;a curve on the right that goes through the point (4,8) — Figure 12.3.3. Graph of $t (v) = \frac{12}{v - 2} + \frac{12}{v + 2}$ and $t = 8$

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To find the speed that Julia should drive the boat to make the round trip last

8

hours we can use graphing technology to solve the equation

\frac{12}{v - 2} + \frac{12}{v + 2} = 8

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graphically and we see that

v = 4 .

This tells us that a speed of

4

miles per hour will give a total time of

8

hours to complete the trip. To go downstream it would take

\frac{12}{v + 2} = \frac{12}{4 + 2} = 2

hours; and to go upstream it would take

\frac{12}{v - 2} = \frac{12}{4 - 2} = 6

hours.

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The point of this section is to work with expressions like

\frac{12}{v - 2} + \frac{12}{v + 2},

where two rational expressions are added (or subtracted). There are times when it is useful to combine them into a single fraction. We will learn that the expression

\frac{12}{v - 2} + \frac{12}{v + 2}

is equal to the expression

\frac{24 v}{v^{2} - 4},

and we will learn how to make that simplification.

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Subsection 12.3.2 Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions with the Same Denominator

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The process of adding and subtracting rational expressions will be very similar to the process of adding and subtracting purely numerical fractions.

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If the two expressions have the same denominator, then we can rely on the property of [cross-reference to target(s) "fact-add-fractions-with-same-denominator" missing or not unique] and simplify that result.

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Let’s review how to add fractions with the same denominator:

\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{10} + \frac{3}{10} & = \frac{1 + 3}{10} \\ = \frac{4}{10} \\ = \frac{2}{5} \end{aligned}

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We can add and subtract rational expressions in the same way:

\begin{aligned} \frac{2}{3 x} - \frac{5}{3 x} & = \frac{2 - 5}{3 x} \\ = \frac{- 3}{3 x} \\ = - \frac{1}{x} \end{aligned}

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List 12.3.4. Steps to Adding/Subtracting Rational Expressions

Identify the LCD: 🔗
Determine the least common denominator of all of the denominators.
Build: 🔗
If necessary, build up each expression so that the denominators are the same.
Add/Subtract: 🔗
Combine the numerators using the [cross-reference to target(s) "fact-add-fractions-with-same-denominator" missing or not unique].
Simplify: 🔗
Simplify the resulting rational expression as much as possible. This may require factoring the numerator.

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Example 12.3.5.

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Add the rational expressions:

\frac{2 x}{x + y} + \frac{2 y}{x + y} .

Explanation.

These expressions already have a common denominator:

\begin{aligned} \frac{2 x}{x + y} + \frac{2 y}{x + y} & = \frac{2 x + 2 y}{x + y} \\ = \frac{2 (x + y)}{x + y} \\ = \frac{2}{1} \\ = 2 \end{aligned}

Note that we didn’t stop at

\frac{2 x + 2 y}{x + y} .

If possible, we must simplify the numerator and denominator. Since this is a multivariable expression, this textbook ignores domain restrictions while canceling.

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Subsection 12.3.3 Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions with Different Denominators

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To add rational expressions with different denominators, we’ll need to build each fraction to the least common denominator, in the same way we do with numerical fractions. Let’s briefly review this process by adding

\frac{3}{5}

and

\frac{1}{6} :

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\begin{aligned} \frac{3}{5} + \frac{1}{6} & = \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{6}{6} + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \frac{5}{5} \\ = \frac{18}{30} + \frac{5}{30} \\ = \frac{18 + 5}{30} \\ = \frac{23}{30} \end{aligned}

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This exact method can be used when adding rational expressions containing variables. The key is that the expressions must have the same denominator before they can be added or subtracted. If they don’t have this initially, then we’ll identify the least common denominator and build each expression so that it has that denominator.

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Let’s apply this to adding the two expressions with denominators that are

v - 2

and

v + 2

from Example 2.

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Example 12.3.6.

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Add the rational expressions and fully simplify the function given by

t (v) = \frac{12}{v - 2} + \frac{12}{v + 2} .

Explanation.

\begin{aligned} t (v) & = \frac{12}{v - 2} + \frac{12}{v + 2} \\ t (v) & = \frac{12}{v - 2} \cdot \frac{v + 2}{v + 2} + \frac{12}{v + 2} \cdot \frac{v - 2}{v - 2} \\ t (v) & = \frac{12 v + 24}{(v - 2) (v + 2)} + \frac{12 v - 24}{(v + 2) (v - 2)} \\ t (v) & = \frac{(12 v + 24) + (12 v - 24)}{(v + 2) (v - 2)} \\ t (v) & = \frac{24 v}{(v + 2) (v - 2)} \end{aligned}

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Example 12.3.7.

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Add the rational expressions:

\frac{2}{5 x^{2} y} + \frac{3}{20 x y^{2}}

Explanation.

The least common denominator of

5 x^{2} y

and

20 x y^{2}

must include two

x

’s and two

y

’s, as well as

20 .

Thus it is

20 x^{2} y^{2} .

We will build both denominators to

20 x^{2} y^{2}

before doing addition.

\begin{aligned} \frac{2}{5 x^{2} y} + \frac{3}{20 x y^{2}} & = \frac{2}{5 x^{2} y} \cdot \frac{4 y}{4 y} + \frac{3}{20 x y^{2}} \cdot \frac{x}{x} \\ = \frac{8 y}{20 x^{2} y^{2}} + \frac{3 x}{20 x^{2} y^{2}} \\ = \frac{8 y + 3 x}{20 x^{2} y^{2}} \end{aligned}

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Let’s look at a few more complicated examples.

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Example 12.3.8.

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Subtract the rational expressions:

\frac{y}{y - 2} - \frac{8 y - 8}{y^{2} - 4}

Explanation.

To start, we’ll make sure each denominator is factored. Then we’ll find the least common denominator and build each expression to that denominator. Then we will be able to combine the numerators and simplify the expression.

\begin{aligned} \frac{y}{y - 2} - \frac{8 y - 8}{y^{2} - 4} & = \frac{y}{y - 2} - \frac{8 y - 8}{(y + 2) (y - 2)} \\ = \frac{y}{y - 2} \cdot \frac{y + 2}{y + 2} - \frac{8 y - 8}{(y + 2) (y - 2)} \\ = \frac{y^{2} + 2 y}{(y + 2) (y - 2)} - \frac{8 y - 8}{(y + 2) (y - 2)} \\ = \frac{y^{2} + 2 y - \overset{↓}{(} 8 y - 8 \overset{↓}{)}}{(y + 2) (y - 2)} \\ = \frac{y^{2} + 2 y - 8 y + 8}{(y + 2) (y - 2)} \\ = \frac{y^{2} - 6 y + 8}{(y + 2) (y - 2)} \\ = \frac{(y - 2) (y - 4)}{(y + 2) (y - 2)} \\ = \frac{y - 4}{y + 2}, for y \neq 2 \end{aligned}

Note that we must factor the numerator in

\frac{y^{2} - 6 y + 8}{(y + 2) (y - 2)}

and try to reduce the fraction (which we did).

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Warning 12.3.9.

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In Example 8, be careful to subtract the entire numerator of

8 y - 8 .

When this expression is in the numerator of

\frac{8 y - 8}{(y + 2) (y - 2)},

it’s implicitly grouped and doesn’t need parentheses. But once

8 y - 8

is subtracted from

y^{2} + 2 y,

we need to add parentheses so the entire expression is subtracted.

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In the next example, we’ll look at adding a rational expression to a polynomial. Much like adding a fraction and an integer, we’ll rely on writing that expression as itself over one in order to build its denominator.

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Example 12.3.10.

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Add the expressions:

- \frac{2}{r - 1} + r

Explanation.

\begin{aligned} - \frac{2}{r - 1} + r & = - \frac{2}{r - 1} + \frac{r}{1} \\ = - \frac{2}{r - 1} + \frac{r}{1} \cdot \frac{r - 1}{r - 1} \\ = \frac{- 2}{r - 1} + \frac{r^{2} - r}{r - 1} \\ = \frac{- 2 + r^{2} - r}{r - 1} \\ = \frac{r^{2} - r - 2}{r - 1} \\ = \frac{(r - 2) (r + 1)}{r - 1} \end{aligned}

Note that we factored the numerator to reduce the fraction if possible. Even though it was not possible in this case, leaving it in factored form makes it easier to see that it is reduced.

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Example 12.3.11.

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Subtract the expressions:

\frac{6}{x^{2} - 2 x - 8} - \frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 2}

Explanation.

To start, we’ll need to factor each of the denominators. After that, we’ll identify the LCD and build each denominator accordingly. Then we can combine the numerators and simplify the resulting expression.

\begin{aligned} \frac{6}{x^{2} - 2 x - 8} - \frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 2} & = \frac{6}{(x - 4) (x + 2)} - \frac{1}{(x + 2) (x + 1)} \\ = \frac{6}{(x - 4) (x + 2)} \cdot \frac{x + 1}{x + 1} - \frac{1}{(x + 2) (x + 1)} \cdot \frac{x - 4}{x - 4} \\ = \frac{6 x + 6}{(x - 4) (x + 2) (x + 1)} - \frac{x - 4}{(x + 2) (x + 1) (x - 4)} \\ = \frac{6 x + 6 - (x - 4)}{(x - 4) (x + 2) (x + 1)} \\ = \frac{6 x + 6 - x + 4}{(x - 4) (x + 2) (x + 1)} \\ = \frac{5 x + 10}{(x - 4) (x + 2) (x + 1)} \\ = \frac{5 (x + 2)}{(x - 4) (x + 2) (x + 1)} \\ = \frac{5}{(x - 4) (x + 1)}, for x \neq - 2 \end{aligned}

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Reading Questions 12.3.4 Reading Questions

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1.

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Describe how to add two rational expressions when they have the same denominator.

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2.

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Suppose you are adding two rational expressions where one of them has a quadratic denominator, and the other has a linear denominator. What is the first thing you should try to do with respect to the quadratic denominator?

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Add:

\frac{1}{6} + \frac{7}{6}

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2.

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Add:

\frac{11}{8} + \frac{7}{8}

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3.

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Add:

\frac{5}{6} + \frac{9}{10}

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4.

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Add:

\frac{9}{10} + \frac{3}{5}

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5.

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Subtract:

\frac{31}{32} - \frac{19}{32}

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6.

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Subtract:

\frac{17}{36} - \frac{13}{36}

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7.

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Subtract:

\frac{1}{6} - \frac{11}{36}

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8.

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Subtract:

\frac{5}{8} - \frac{1}{16}

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Exercise Group.

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9.

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Factor the given polynomial.

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x^{2} - 1 =

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10.

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Factor the given polynomial.

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x^{2} - 81 =

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11.

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Factor the given polynomial.

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y^{2} + 7 y + 12 =

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12.

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Factor the given polynomial.

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y^{2} + 9 y + 8 =

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13.

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Factor the given polynomial.

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y^{2} - 9 y + 14 =

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14.

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Factor the given polynomial.

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r^{2} - 10 r + 24 =

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15.

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Factor the given polynomial.

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2 r^{2} - 12 r + 10 =

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16.

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Factor the given polynomial.

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10 t^{2} - 30 t + 20 =

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