6.1. Procedures that Call Procedures

Once we start writing procedures, we may want to make use of our new abstractions to build even more complex new procedures. We have actually already used this idea - our procedures like square make use of existing turtle procedures like forward. But we can also use our own existing procedures to write other new procedures.

Say we want to draw this shape:

We notice that it consists of three rows. Each row consists of three squares. We already know how to write a procedure draw a square… lets use it to write a procedure to draw a row of squares:

def square(turtle, size): turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(90) def row(turtleName): square(turtleName, 10) # do square with whichever turtle we are using turtleName.forward(10) square(turtleName, 10) turtleName.forward(10) square(turtleName, 10) from turtle import * space = Screen() roger = Turtle() roger.speed(10) row(roger) # do the row procedure with roger

The row procedure has one parameter - turtleName. Whatever turtle is specified as the argument in the procedure call to row will be called turtleName inside row. So because we call row(roger), turtleName will mean roger.

Inside the row procedure, we call the square procedure: square(turtleName, 10). Because turtleName refers to roger at this point, that is the same as square(roger, 10). Because the first parameter of square is turtle, that means any time we say turtle in the square procedure, we are going to be working with roger.

Now we can use the row to help write a grid procedure that makes the final picture:

def square(turtle, size): turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(90) def row(turtleName): square(turtleName, 10) # do square with whichever turtle we are using turtleName.forward(10) square(turtleName, 10) turtleName.forward(10) square(turtleName, 10) def grid(turtle): row(turtle) turtle.backward(20) # get ready for next row turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(10) turtle.left(90) row(turtle) turtle.backward(20) # get ready for next row turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(10) turtle.left(90) row(turtle) from turtle import * space = Screen() roger = Turtle() roger.speed(10) grid(roger) # do the grid procedure with roger

Our grid procedure, the parameter is called turtle. Which is the same name that square uses for its first parameter. It is OK for two different procedures to use the same name for their parameters. It can however be confusing… just because they have the same name, does not mean that they are always going to have the same value. Just like two people who both make a phone call to “Bob” may be calling the same person, or may not be.

In this case, roger is passed to grid, which calls the turtle turtle, and passes it to row, which calls it turtleName, which passes it to square which calls it turtle. Each of the procedures has its own “nickname” for the turtle that they are all working with.

The following code is supposed to draw a picture consisting of four “lines”; each “line” has three squares.

Put the blocks in the right order and indentation. As usual, you will not use all the blocks.

        def square(turtle, size):
    turtle.forward(size)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.forward(size)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.forward(size)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.forward(size)
    turtle.right(90)
---
def line(turtleName):
---
    square(turtleName)
    turtleName.forward(10)
    square(turtleName)
    turtleName.forward(10)
    square(turtleName)
    turtleName.backward(20)
---
    square(turtle)
    turtle.forward(10)
    square(turtle)
    turtle.forward(10)
    square(turtle)
    turtle.backward(20) #distractor
---
def picture(turtle):
---
    line(turtle)
    turtle.right(90)
    line(turtle)
    turtle.right(90)
    line(turtle)
    turtle.right(90)
    line(turtle)
---
    line(turtleName)
    turtleName.right(90)
    line(turtleName)
    turtleName.right(90)
    line(turtleName)
    turtleName.right(90)
    line(turtleName) #distractor
---
from turtle import *
space = Screen()
becca = Turtle()
picture(becca)
        

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