7.11. String concatenation

Interestingly, the + operator can be used on strings; it performs string concatenation. To concatenate means to join the two operands end to end.

In the active code below, we use the + operator to concatenate fruit with bakedGood to create dessert.

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { string fruit = "banana"; string bakedGood = " nut bread"; string dessert = fruit + bakedGood; cout << dessert << endl; }

The output of this program is banana nut bread.

Warning

Unfortunately, the + operator does not work on native C strings.

Thus, you cannot write something like

string dessert = "banana" + " nut bread";

because both operands are C strings. As long as one of the operands is a string, though, C++ will automatically convert the other.

It is also possible to concatenate a character onto the beginning or end of an string. In the following example, we will use concatenation and character arithmetic to output an abecedarian series.

“Abecedarian” refers to a series or list in which the elements appear in alphabetical order. For example, in Robert McCloskey’s book Make Way for Ducklings, the names of the ducklings are Jack, Kack, Lack, Mack, Nack, Ouack, Pack and Quack. Here is a loop that outputs these names in order:

The active code below outputs the ducklings names in alphabetical order.

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { string suffix = "ack"; string u = "u"; char letter = 'J'; while (letter <= 'Q') { if (letter == 'O' || letter == 'Q') { cout << letter + u + suffix << endl; } else { cout << letter + suffix << endl; } letter++; } }

The output of this program is:

Jack
Kack
Lack
Mack
Nack
Ouack
Pack
Quack

Again, be careful to use string concatenation only with strings and not with native C strings. Unfortunately, an expression like letter + "ack" is syntactically legal in C++, although it produces a very strange result, at least in my development environment.

Q-3: What is printed by the following statements?

string s = "C++";
string t = "rocks";
cout << s + t << endl;

• C++ rocks
• Concatenation does not automatically add a space.
• C++
• The expression s+t is evaluated first, then the resulting string is printed.
• C++rocks
• Yes, the two strings are glued end to end.
• Error, you cannot add two strings together.
• The + operator has different meanings depending on the operands, in this case, two strings.

As an exercise, put together the code below so that it prints C++ is so fun!

        int main() {
---
   string language = "C++";
   string action = " is so ";
   string adjective = "fun!";
---
   string language = "C++"; #distractor
   string action = "is so";
   string adjective = "fun!";
---
   cout << language + action + adjective << endl;
---
   cout << "language" + "action" + "adjective" << endl; #distractor
---
}
        

Put together the code below to creater a function greeter that adds “hello” and “goodbye” behind and ahead of a message respectively and then prints the new message. Example: greeter("ssup") will print “hello ssup goodbye”

        void greeter(string message) {
---
string greeter (string message) { #distractor
---
   string beginning = "hello ";
   string end = " goodbye";
---
   string beginning = "hello"; #paired
   string end = "goodbye";
---
   string new_Word = beginning + message;
   new_Word = new_Word + end;
---
   string new_Word = message + beginning; #paired
   new_Word = message + end;
---
   cout << "new_Word"; #distractor
---
   cout << new_Word;
---
}
        

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