Time estimate: 45 min.

2.2. Creating and Initializing Objects: Constructors

A Java class defines what objects of the class know (attributes) and what they can do (behaviors). Each class has constructors like World() and Turtle(habitat) which are used to initialize the attributes in a newly created object.

A new object is created with the new keyword followed by the class name (new Class()). When this code executes, it creates a new object of the specified class and calls a constructor, which has the same name as the class. For example, new World() creates and initializes a new object of the World class, and new Turtle(habitat) creates and initializes a new Turtle object in the World habitat.

// To create a new object and call a constructor write:
// ClassName variableName = new ClassName(parameters);
World habitat = new World();    // create a new World object
Turtle t = new Turtle(habitat); // create a new Turtle object

2.2.1. Overloading Constructors

There can be more than one constructor defined in a class. This is called overloading the constructor. There is usually a constructor that has no parameters (nothing inside the parentheses following the name of the constructor) like the World() constructor above. This is also called the no-argument constructor. The no-argument constructor usually sets the attributes of the object to default values.

There can also be other constructors that take parameters like the Turtle(habitat) constructor call above. A parameter (also called actual parameter or argument) is a value that is passed into a constructor. It can be used to initialize the attribute of an object.

The World class actually has 2 constructors. One doesn’t take any parameters and one takes the world’s width and height.

Figure 1: Two overloaded World constructors

Check your understanding

2-2-1: Which of these is overloading?

• When a constructor takes one parameter.
• For a constructor to be overloaded there must be more than one constructor.
• When a constructor takes more than one parameter.
• For a constructor to be overloaded there must be more than one constructor.
• When one constructor is defined in a class.
• For a constructor to be overloaded there must be more than one constructor.
• When more than one constructor is defined in a class.
• Overloading means that there is more than one constructor. The parameter lists must differ in either number, order, or type of parameters.

2-2-2: Which of these is valid syntax for creating and initializing a World object?

• World w = null;
• This declares a variable w that refers to a World object, but it doesn't create a World object or initialize it.
• World w = new World;
• You must include parentheses () to call a constructor.
• World w = new World();
• Use the new keyword followed by the classname and parentheses to create a new object and call the constructor.
• World w = World();
• You must use the new keyword to create a new object.

2.2.2. The World Class Constructors

The constructor that doesn’t take any parameters, World(), creates a graphical window with 640x480 pixels. The World(int width, int height) constructor takes two integer parameters, and initializes the World object’s width and height to them, for example new World(300,400) creates a 300x400 pixel world.

World world1 = new World(); // creates a 640x480 world
World world2 = new World(300,400); // creates a 300x400 world

Note

The turtle world does not use the Cartesian coordinate system with (0,0) in in the middle the screen. Instead, (0,0) is at the top left corner of the screen and x increases to the right and y increases towards the bottom of the screen.

Most computer graphics systems use this coordinate system which is a carry over from before computers could display graphics. When computer displays were text based and mostly made by people using left-to-right, top-to-bottom languages like English, it made sense to have the first character appear at the top left and then count columns to the right and lines down.

Figure 2: The coordinate (0,0) is at the top left of the Turtle world.

2.2.3. The Turtle Class Constructors

The Turtle class also has multiple constructors, although it always requires a world as a parameter in order to have a place to draw the turtle. The default location for the turtle is right in the middle of the world.

There is another Turtle constructor that places the turtle at a certain (x,y) location in the world, for example at the coordinate (50, 100) below.

Turtle t1 = new Turtle(world1);
Turtle t2 = new Turtle(50, 100, world1);

Note

Notice that the order of the parameters matter. The Turtle constructor takes (x,y,world) as parameters in that order. If you mix up the order of the parameters it will cause an error, because the parameters will not be the data types that it expects. This is one reason why programming languages have data types – to allow for error-checking.

Check your understanding

2-2-3: Which of these is valid syntax for creating and initializing a Turtle object in world1?

• Turtle t = Turtle(world1);
• You must use the new keyword to create a new Turtle.
• Turtle t = new Turtle();
• All turtle constructors take a world as a parameter.
• Turtle t = new Turtle(world1, 100, 100);
• The order of the parameters matter.
• Turtle t = new Turtle(100, 100, world1);
• This creates a new Turtle object in the passed world at location (100,100)

Coding Exercise:

Try changing the code below to create a World object with 300x400 pixels. Where is the turtle placed by default? What parameters do you need to pass to the Turtle constructor to put the turtle at the top right corner? Experiment and find out. What happens if you mix up the order of the parameters?

(If the code below does not work in your browser, you can also use the Turtle code on JuiceMind or replit or download the files here to use in your own IDE.)

import java.awt.*; import java.util.*; public class TurtleConstructorTest { public static void main(String[] args) { // Change the World constructor to 300x400 World world1 = new World(300, 300); // Change the Turtle constructor to put the turtle in the top right // corner Turtle t1 = new Turtle(world1); t1.turnLeft(); world1.show(true); } } ==== import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.*; import java.io.*; public class RunestoneTests extends CodeTestHelper { public RunestoneTests() { super("TurtleConstructorTest"); } @Test public void test1() { String orig = "import java.awt.*;\n" + "import java.util.*;\n\n" + "public class TurtleConstructorTest\n" + "{\n" + " public static void main(String[] args)\n" + " {\n" + " // Change the World constructor to 300x400\n" + " World world1 = new World(300,300);\n\n" + " // Change the Turtle constructor to put the turtle in the top right" + " corner\n" + " Turtle t1 = new Turtle(world1);\n\n" + " t1.turnLeft();\n" + " world1.show(true);\n" + " }\n" + "}\n"; boolean passed = codeChanged(orig); assertTrue(passed); } }

2.2.4. Object Variables and References

You can also declare an object variable and initialize it to null (Turtle t1 = null;). An object variable holds a reference to an object. A reference is a way to find the object in memory. It is like a tracking number that you can use to track the location of a package.

Watch the video below about null.

The code Turtle t1 = null; creates a variable t1 that refers to a Turtle object, but the null means that it doesn’t refer to an object yet. You could later create the object and set the object variable to refer to that new object (t1 = new Turtle(world1)). Or more commonly, you can declare an object variable and initialize it in the same line of code (Turtle t2 = new Turtle(world1);).

World world1 = new World();
Turtle t1 = null;
t1 = new Turtle(world1);
// declare and initialize t2
Turtle t2 = new Turtle(world1);

2.2.5. Constructor Signatures

When you use a class that someone has already written for you in a library that you can import like the Turtle class above, you can look up how to use the constructors and methods in the documentation for that class. The documentation will list the signatures (or headers) of the constructors or methods which will tell you their name and parameter list. The parameter list, in the header of a constructor, lists the formal parameters, declaring the variables that will be passed in as values and their data types.

Constructors are overloaded when there are multiple constructors, but the constructors have different signatures. They can differ in the number, type, and/or order of parameters. For example, here are two constructors for the Turtle class that take different parameters:

Figure 3: Turtle Class Constructor Signatures and Parameters

Check your understanding

2-2-6: Given the Turtle class in the figure above and a World object world1, which of the following code segments will correctly create an instance of a Turtle object at (x,y) coordinates (50,150)?

• Turtle t = new Turtle();
• There is no Turtle constructor that takes no parameters according to the figure above.
• Turtle t = new Turtle(50,150);
• There is no Turtle constructor that takes 2 parameters according to the figure above.
• Turtle t = new Turtle(world1);
• This would initialize the Turtle to the middle of the world, not necessarily coordinates (50,150).
• Turtle t = new Turtle(world1,50,150);
• Make sure the order of the parameters match the constructor signature above.
• Turtle t = new Turtle(50,150,world1);
• This matches the second constructor above with the parameters of x, y, and world.

2-2-7: Which of these is the correct signature for a no-argument constructor?

• public World(int width, int height)
• This constructor signature defines two arguments: width and height.
• public World()
• This constructor signature is correct for a no-argument constructor.
• public World
• The constructor signature must include parentheses.
• public World(int width)
• This constructor signature defines one argument: width.

In Unit 5, you will learn to write your own classes. However, if you see a class definition on the AP exam, like the one below for a class called Date, you should be able to pick out the attributes (instance variables) and the constructors and know how to use them.

Figure 4: A Date class showing attributes and constructors

Check your understanding

2-2-8: Click on the constructor headers (signatures)Constructors are public and have the same name as the class. Click on the constructor headers which are the first line of the constructors showing their name and parameters.

public class Date {

    private int year;
    private int month;
    private int day;

    public Date() 
        { /** Implementation not shown */ }

    public Date(int year, int month, int day) 
        { /** Implementation not shown */ }

     public void print() 
        { /** Implementation not shown */ }

}

2-2-9: Given the Date class in the figure above and assuming that months in the Date class are numbered starting at 1, which of the following code segments will create a Date object for the date September 20, 2020 using the correct constructor?

• Date d = new Date();
• This would initialize the date attributes to today's date according to the constructor comment above, which might not be Sept. 20, 2020.
• Date d = new Date(9,20);
• There is no Date constructor that takes 2 parameters according to the figure above.
• Date d = new Date(9,20,2020);
• The comment for the second constructor in the Date class above says that the first parameter must be the year.
• Date d = new Date(2020,9,20);
• This matches the second constructor above with the parameters year, month, day.
• Date d = new Date(2020,20,9);
• Make sure the order of the parameters match the constructor signature above.

2.2.6. Formal and Actual Parameters

When a constructor like Date(2005,9,1) is called, the formal parameters, (year, month, day), are set to copies of the actual parameters (or arguments), which are (2005,9,1). This is call by value which means that copies of the actual parameter values are passed to the constructor. These values are used to initialize the object’s attributes.

Figure 5: Parameter Mapping

The type of the values being passed in as arguments have to match the type of the formal parameter variables. We cannot give a constructor a String object when it is expecting an int. The order of the arguments also matters. If you mix up the month and the day in the Date constructor, you will get a completely different date, for example January 9th (1/9) instead of Sept. 1st (9/1).

Check your understanding

2-2-10: In public World(int width, int height) what are width and height?

• objects
• Objects have attributes and behavior.
• classes
• A class defines the data and behavior for all objects of that type.
• formal parameters
• A formal parameter is in the constructor's signature.
• actual parameters
• A actual parameter (argument) is the value that is passed into the constructor.

2-2-11: In new World(150, 200) what are 150 and 200?

• objects
• Objects have attributes and behavior.
• classes
• A class defines the data and behavior for all objects of that type.
• formal parameters
• A formal parameter is in the constructor's signature.
• actual parameters
• A actual parameter (argument) is the value that is passed into the constructor.

This lesson introduces a lot of vocabulary, but don’t worry if you don’t understand everything about classes and constructors yet. You will learn more about how this all works in Unit 5 when you write your own classes and constructors. And you will see parameters again with methods in the next lessons.

2.2.7. Programming Challenge: Custom Turtles

Working in pairs, you will now look at a new class called CustomTurtle and design some colorful turtles with its constructors.

First, as a warm up, do the following debugging exercise.

Debug the following code.

import java.awt.*; import java.util.*; public class TurtleConstructorDebug { public static void main(String[] args) { World w = new World(300,0); turtle t0; Turtle t1 = new Turtle(); Turtle t2 = new Turtle(world, 100, 50) t0.forward(); t1.turnRight(); t2.turnLeft(); world.show(true); } } ==== import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.*; import java.io.*; public class RunestoneTests extends CodeTestHelper { public RunestoneTests() { super("TurtleConstructorDebug"); } @Test public void test1() { String orig = "import java.awt.*;\n" + "import java.util.*;\n\n" + "public class TurtleConstructorDebug\n" + "{\n" + " public static void main(String[] args)\n" + " {\n" + " World w = new World(300,0);\n" + " turtle t0;\n" + " Turtle t1 = new Turtle();\n" + " Turtle t2 = new Turtle(world, 100, 50)\n" + " t0.forward();\n" + " t1.turnRight();\n" + " t2.turnLeft();\n" + " world.show(true);\n" + " }\n" + "}\n"; boolean passed = codeChanged(orig); assertTrue(passed); } }

The CustomTurtle class in the ActiveCode below inherits many of its attributes and methods from the Turtle class (you will learn more about inheritance in Unit 9). However, it has some new constructors with more parameters to customize a turtle with its body color, shell color, width, and height. CustomTurtle has 3 constructors:

/** Constructs a CustomTurtle in the middle of the world */
public CustomTurtle(World w)

/** Constructs a CustomTurtle with a specific body color,
    shell color, and width and height in the middle of the world */
public CustomTurtle(World w, Color body, Color shell, int w, int h)

/** Constructs a CustomTurtle with a specific body color,
    shell color, and width and height at position (x,y) in the world */
public CustomTurtle(int x, int y, World w, Color body, Color shell, int w, int h)

You will use the constructor(s) to create the CustomTurtles below. You can specify colors like Color.red by using the Color class in Java.

1. Create a large 150x200 (width 150 and height 200) CustomTurtle with a green body (Color.green) and a blue shell (Color.blue) at position (150,300)

2. Create a small 25x50 CustomTurtle with a red body and a yellow shell at position (350,200)

3. Create a CustomTurtle of your own design.

Use the CustomTurtle constructors to create the following turtles.

import java.awt.*; import java.util.*; public class CustomTurtleRunner { public static void main(String[] args) { World world1 = new World(400, 400); // 1. Change the constructor call below to create a large // 150x200 CustomTurtle with a green body (Color.green) // and a blue shell (Color.blue) at position (150,300). // Move it forward to see it. CustomTurtle turtle1 = new CustomTurtle(world1); turtle1.forward(); // 2. Create a small 25x50 CustomTurtle with a red body // and a yellow shell at position (350,200) // Move it forward to see it. // 3. Create a CustomTurtle of your own design world1.show(true); } } class CustomTurtle extends Turtle { private int x; private int y; private World w; private Color bodycolor; private Color shellcolor; private int width; private int height; /** * Constructor that takes the model display * * @param modelDisplay the thing that displays the model or world */ public CustomTurtle(ModelDisplay modelDisplay) { // let the parent constructor handle it super(modelDisplay); } /** * Constructor that takes the model display to draw it on and custom * colors and size * * @param m the world * @param body : the body color * @param shell : the shell color * @param w: width * @param h: height */ public CustomTurtle( ModelDisplay m, Color body, Color shell, int w, int h) { // let the parent constructor handle it super(m); bodycolor = body; setBodyColor(body); shellcolor = shell; setShellColor(shell); height = h; width = w; setHeight(h); setWidth(w); } /** * Constructor that takes the x and y and a model display to draw it on * and custom colors and size * * @param x the starting x position * @param y the starting y position * @param m the world * @param body : the body color * @param shell : the shell color * @param w: width * @param h: height */ public CustomTurtle( int x, int y, ModelDisplay m, Color body, Color shell, int w, int h) { // let the parent constructor handle it super(x, y, m); bodycolor = body; setBodyColor(body); shellcolor = shell; setShellColor(shell); height = h; width = w; setHeight(h); setWidth(w); } } ==== import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.*; import java.io.*; public class RunestoneTests extends CodeTestHelper { public RunestoneTests() { super("CustomTurtleRunner"); } @Test public void test1() { String target = "new CustomTurtle(150,300,world1, Color.green, Color.blue, 150, 200)"; boolean passed = checkCodeContains( "constructor for a large 150x200 CustomTurtle with a green body and a blue" + " shell at position (150,300) in world1", target); assertTrue(passed); } @Test public void test2() { String target = "new CustomTurtle(350,200,world1, Color.red, Color.yellow, 25, 50)"; boolean passed = checkCodeContains( "constructor for a small 25x50 CustomTurtle with a red body and a yellow" + " shell at position (350,200) in world1", target); assertTrue(passed); } }

2.2.8. Summary

• Constructors initialize the attributes in newly created objects. They have the same name as the class.

• A constructor signature is the constructor name followed by the parameter list which is a list of the types of the parameters and the variable names used to refer to them in the constructor.

• Overloading is when there is more than one constructor. They must differ in the number, type, or order of parameters.

• New is a keyword that is used to create a new object of a class. The syntax is new ClassName(). It creates a new object of the specified class and calls a constructor.

• A no-argument constructor is a constructor that doesn’t take any passed in values (arguments).

• Parameters allow values to be passed to the constructor to initialize the newly created object’s attributes.

• The parameter list, in the header of a constructor, is a list of the type of the value being passed and a variable name. These variables are called the formal parameters.

• Actual parameters are the values being passed to a constructor. The formal parameters are set to a copy of the value of the actual parameters.

• Formal parameters are the specification of the parameters in the constructor header. In Java this is a list of the type and name for each parameter (World(int width, int height).

• Call by value means that when you pass a value to a constructor or method it passes a copy of the value.

2.2.9. AP Practice

2-2-14: Consider the following class. Which of the following successfully creates a new Cat object?

public class Cat
{
    private String color;
    private String breed;
    private boolean isHungry;

    public Cat()
    {
        color = "unknown";
        breed = "unknown";
        isHungry = false;
    }

    public Cat(String c, String b, boolean h)
    {
        color = c;
        breed = b;
        isHungry = h;
    }
}

I.   Cat a = new Cat();
II.  Cat b = new Cat("Shorthair", true);
III. String color = "orange";
     boolean hungry = false;
     Cat c = new Cat(color, "Tabby", hungry);

• I only
• I is one of the correct constructors but the second constructor can also be used.
• I and II
• II is not correct because there is no Cat constructor that takes 2 parameters.
• I and III
• I and III call the correct constructors.
• I, II, and III
• II is not correct because there is no Cat constructor that takes 2 parameters.
• II and III
• II is not correct because there is no Cat constructor that takes 2 parameters.

2-2-15: Consider the following class. Which of the following code segments will construct a Movie object m with a title of “Lion King” and rating of 8.0?

public class Movie
{
    private String title;
    private String director;
    private double rating;
    private boolean inTheaters;

    public Movie(String t, String d, double r)
    {
        title = t;
        director = d;
        rating = r;
        inTheaters = false;
    }

    public Movie(String t)
    {
        title = t;
        director = "unknown";
        rating = 0.0;
        inTheaters = false;
    }
}

• Movie m = new Movie(8.0, "Lion King");
• There is no Movie constructor with 2 parameters.
• Movie m = Movie("Lion King", 8.0);
• There is no Movie constructor with 2 parameters.
• Movie m = new Movie();
• This creates a Movie object but it does not have the correct title and rating.
• Movie m = new Movie("Lion King", "Disney", 8.0);
• This creates a Movie object with the correct title and rating.
• Movie m = new Movie("Lion King");
• This creates a Movie object but it does not have a rating of 8.0.

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