Worked Example: Enhanced For Loops

Section 13.17 Worked Example: Enhanced For Loops

Subgoals for Evaluating ArrayLists.

Declaring and initialization of an ArrayList
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1. Set up a one-dimensional dynamic list (initially empty or with a specified initial capacity)
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2. Upon instantiation, an ArrayList contains zero elements initially, but elements can be added dynamically using add(). Elements not yet added do not exist until explicitly inserted.
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Determine access or change of element, or action on entire ArrayList object, and update elements as needed (remembering assignment subgoals)
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Accessing an ArrayList element
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1. Evaluate expression within get(index) which will be the index for the element to be accessed
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2. arrayListName.get(index) returns the value stored at that index
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3. index must be between 0 and arrayListName.size() - 1, inclusive; otherwise IndexOutOfBoundsException occurs
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Changing value of an ArrayList element
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1. Evaluate expression within set(index, value) which will be the index for the element to be replaced
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2. arrayListName.set(index, value) replaces the element at index with the specified value
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3. (remember the assignment subgoals for verifying data types and evaluating expressions)
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4. (remember rules for index values)
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Whole ArrayList actions
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1. Passing as argument - a copy of the reference to the instantiated ArrayList is passed to the method. This means that any changes made to the elements inside the method persist outside the method. The exception is if the argument is assigned to reference a different ArrayList inside the method.
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2. Assignment - changes the reference to point to the ArrayList on the right-hand side of the assignment operator.
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Subsection 13.17.1

Problem: Assume that the integer ArrayList alpha has been properly declared and initialized with non-default values (not all values are 0). What does this code accomplish?

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int sum = 0;
for (int i : alpha) {
    sum += i;
}

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Subsection 13.17.2 SG1: Declaring and initialization of ArrayList

There is no explicit declaration or initialization of an ArrayList within the code. There aren’t even any < > to signal an ArrayList! However, in Java you can use an enhanced for loop, also known as a for-each loop, to iterate through a collection. And an ArrayList is a collection.

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Here’s how an enhanced for loop works:

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for (datatype varaible : collectionName) {
    variable reference...
}

Within the for-each loop header you declare a local variable of the data type held in the collection followed by a colon (:) followed by the name of the collection. This tells the system to iterate through the collection, assigning the value from the collection to the variable. In the first iteration of the loop, the variable will hold the first element of the collection, in the second iteration, the variable will hold the second element of the collection, etc. Notice that you can reference the value of the ArrayList element (just the variable name), but you do not have access to the index or position of the element with an enhanced for loop.

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Another important thing to remember is that the variable is a copy of the element, not the original element, so updates to the value of the variable have no effect on the values in the collection.

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Subsection 13.17.3 SG2: Determine access or action

Because it is an enhanced for loop, we are accessing ArrayList elements.

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Subsection 13.17.4

int sum = 0;
for (int i : alpha) {
    sum += i;
}

This code example is equivalent to the code used in the Section 13.9 example; it will sum the values of the ArrayList.

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Let us trace the code with a simple ArrayList.

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The first line of the code sample initializes sum to have a value of zero. Then, a for-loop is used to traverse the ArrayList. The chart below uses one line to represent the memory and calculations during each iteration of the loop, starting when i has a value of zero.

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The final value of sum is 59, which is the sum of all values in the ArrayList.

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What does this code accomplish?

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Answer.

sum contains the sum of all the values in the ArrayList alpha.

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