6.5. Naming Sets of Procedures and Functions

So far we’ve seen names for values, like variables that hold strings and numbers. We’ve also seen how to name (define) functions or procedures and use additional names to store the inputs to those functions or procedures.

Sometimes, you will want to have have a whole group of functions and/or procedures, and you will want to store them somewhere and name that whole set of functions and procedures. In fact, you can. And in fact, you have already used this ability.

That is what you are doing when you execute a statement like from turtle import *. That is where the procedures like forward and right and functions like Screen are defined. We can mix procedures and functions that we define with procedures and functions that we import.

def square(turtle,size): turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(90) from turtle import * # use the turtle library space = Screen() # create a turtle screen (space) emily = Turtle() # create a turtle named emily emily.setheading(90) # Point due north emily.forward(10) # Offset the shapes a bit emily.right(18) # And turn each one a bit square(emily,100) # draw a square with size 100 emily.forward(10) # Offset the shapes a bit emily.right(18) # And turn each one a bit square(emily,100) # draw a square with size 100 emily.forward(10) # Offset the shapes a bit emily.right(18) # And turn each one a bit square(emily,100) # draw a square with size 100

Imagine that you add one more line to the program above. Which procedure can you use safely, because it will have been defined?

• square
• You can use square since you just defined it, but you can also use the others.
• forward
• You can use forward because of the import, but you can also use others.
• right
• You can use right because of the import, but you can also use others.
• All of the above
• Yes, you can use all of the turtle stuff from the import, plus the procedure square that was defined.

Similar to the example above, make a procedure that takes in 2 parameters: a turtle and size. The procedure should draw a pentagon. Write the main code to call the pentagon function once.

# DEFINE THE PROCEDURE def pentagon(turtle,size): turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(72) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(72) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(72) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(72) turtle.forward(size) turtle.right(72) # CREATE TURTLE WORLD from turtle import * space = Screen() emily = Turtle() # CALL THE PROCEDURE pentagon(emily,100)

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