Time estimate: 45 min.

10.7. Object Superclass

The Object class is the superclass of all other classes in Java and a part of the built-in java.lang package. If a parent class isn’t specified using the extends keyword, the class will inherit from the Object class. What does a class inherit from the Object class? The AP CSA Java Quick Reference Sheet lists the two main methods that are most frequently used:

• String toString()

• boolean equals(Object other)

10.7.1. toString() method

One commonly overridden Object method is toString(), which is often used to print out the attributes of an object. It is a good idea to write your own toString() method in every class. In a subclass, toString() can call the superclass toString() method using super.toString() and then add on its own attributes.

Coding Exercise

In the following code, the Person class overrides the toString method from Object method and the Student class then overrides it again. In each class the new toString method adds the new attributes from that class.

After trying the code below, complete the subclass called APStudent that extends Student with a new attribute called APscore and override the toString() method to call the superclass method and then add on the APscore. Uncomment the APStudent object in the main method to test it.

public class Person { private String name; public Person(String name) { this.name = name; } public String toString() { return name; } public static void main(String[] args) { Person p = new Person("Sila"); Student s = new Student("Tully", 1001); System.out.println(p); // call Person toString System.out.println(s); // call Student toString // Uncomment the code below to test the APStudent class /* APStudent ap = new APStudent("Ayanna", 1002, 5); System.out.println(ap); */ } } class Student extends Person { private int id; public Student(String name, int id) { super(name); this.id = id; } public String toString() { return super.toString() + " " + id; } } class APStudent extends Student { private int score; public APStudent(String name, int id, int score) { super(name, id); this.score = score; } // Add a toString() method here that calls the super class toString } ==== import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.*; import java.io.*; public class RunestoneTests extends CodeTestHelper { public RunestoneTests() { super("Person"); } @Test public void test1() { String output = getMethodOutput("main"); String expect = "Sila\nTully 1001\nAyanna 1002 5"; boolean passed = getResults(expect, output, "Checking output from main()"); assertTrue(passed); } @Test public void containsToString() { String code = getCode(); String target = "public String toString()"; int num = countOccurencesRegex(code, target); boolean passed = (num >= 3); getResults("3", "" + num, "3 toString methods", passed); assertTrue(passed); } }

10.7.2. equals Method

One of the important methods inherited from Object is the equals(Object obj) method. This method is used to test if the current object and the passed object called obj are equal. But what does that mean?

As you can see if you run the code below, the equals method inherited from Object only returns true if the two objects references refer to the same object. In other words it is does the same test as ==.

Coding Exercise

Try to guess what this code will print out before running it.

public class Person { private String name; public Person(String theName) { this.name = theName; } public static void main(String[] args) { Person p1 = new Person("Kairen"); Person p2 = new Person("Jewel"); Person p3 = new Person("Kairen"); Person p4 = p3; System.out.println(p1.equals(p2)); System.out.println(p2.equals(p3)); System.out.println(p1.equals(p3)); System.out.println(p3.equals(p4)); } } ==== import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.*; import java.io.*; public class RunestoneTests extends CodeTestHelper { public RunestoneTests() { super("Person"); } @Test public void test1() { String output = getMethodOutput("main"); String expect = "false\nfalse\nfalse\ntrue"; boolean passed = getResults(expect, output, "Checking output from main()", true); assertTrue(passed); } }

Figure 1: A picture from the Java Visualizer showing that only p3 and p4 refer to the same object.

10.7.3. Overriding the equals Method

The equals method defined in Object and thus inherited by all classes only considers two object references equivalent if they refer to exactly the same object. But we saw in Unit 2 that the String class provides an equals method that considers two String objects equivalent if they have the same characters in the same order, even if they are actually different objects. How does that work?

It is because the String class has overridden the equals method it inherited from Object to provide a definition of equality that makes more sense.

As we saw in section 9.3 a class can override inherited methods by providing a method with the same method signature (method name, parameter types, and return type). String has done that with equals so when we compare String objects with equals that new method will be called instead of the inherited one.

Coding Exercise

Try to guess what this code will print out before running it.

public class StringTest { public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 = "hi"; String s2 = "Hi"; String s3 = new String("hi"); System.out.println(s1.equals(s2)); System.out.println(s2.equals(s3)); System.out.println(s1.equals(s3)); } } ==== import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.*; import java.io.*; public class RunestoneTests extends CodeTestHelper { public RunestoneTests() { super("StringTest"); } @Test public void test1() { String output = getMethodOutput("main"); String expect = "false\nfalse\ntrue"; boolean passed = getResults(expect, output, "Checking output from main()", true); assertTrue(passed); } }

However, overriding equals is a bit more involved than overriding toString. While the toString method is only required to produce a reasonable human-readable String representation of an object, equals has to meet a more complex set of requirements in order to be useful.

You will not be expected to write your own equals method on the AP exam but it’s worth looking at what those requirements are and how to satisify them. There are five requirements described in the Javadocs for equals in Object that a properly implemented equals must satisfy:

1. Equality is reflexive, meaning an object will be equals to itself: o.equals(o) is true.

2. Equality is symmetric: o1.equals(o2) returns the same value as o2.equals(o1).

3. Equality is transitive: if o1.equals(o2) and o2.equals(o3) then o1.equals(o3).

4. Equality is consistent: o1.equals(o2) always returns the same value assuming the objects are not modified.

5. No object is equal to null: o.equals(null) is always false.

The other way to look at these requirements is as guarantees that are made to you as a user of equals. If you look at it that way, these requirements are quite nice. Imagine how much harder it would be to use the String equals method if you couldn’t rely on the fact that s1.equals(s2) is necessarily the same as s2.equals(s1)!

So even though the Java compiler can’t force you to implement equals correctly, if you ever do want to override it, it’s important that you do. Let’s look at what’s involved.

We’ll write a class Word which represents a word in a particular language. We want two Word objects to be considered equals if and only if they are spelled the same and come from the same language. The latter requirement is because sometimes different languages have words that are spelled the same but with different meanings such as “pie” which in English is a tasty baked treat and in Spanish is what we call a “foot” in English.

Coding Exercise

Try to guess what this code will print out before running it. Click on the CodeLens button to step forward through the code and watch the memory.

public class Word { private String spelling; private String language; public Word(String spell, String lang) { this.spelling = spell; this.language = lang; } /** * Compares this word to the specified object. The result is true if and only * if the argument is not null and is a Word object with the same spelling and * language as this object. */ public boolean equals(Object other) { if (this == other) { // This is not strictly necessary assuming the rest // of the method is implemented correctly but it is // a commonly used optimization because the == check // is very fast. Thus this is a quick way to guarantee // that our equals method is reflexive. return true; } if (!(other instanceof Word)) { // It can't be the same Word if it's not a Word at all. // This also ensures that o.equals(null) is false because // null is not an instanceof any class. return false; } // Now we now we can safely cast other to a Word and // check if our two attributes are the same, using // equals to compare them because they are Strings. Word otherWord = (Word) other; return spelling.equals(otherWord.spelling) && language.equals(otherWord.language); } public static void main(String[] args) { Word p1 = new Word("pie", "english"); Word p2 = new Word("pie", "spanish"); Word p3 = new Word("pie", "english"); Word p4 = p3; System.out.println(p1.equals(p2)); System.out.println(p2.equals(p3)); System.out.println(p1.equals(p3)); System.out.println(p3.equals(p4)); System.out.println(p1.equals("pie")); } } ==== import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.*; import java.io.*; public class RunestoneTests extends CodeTestHelper { public RunestoneTests() { super("Word"); } @Test public void test1() { String output = getMethodOutput("main"); String expect = "false\nfalse\ntrue\ntrue\nfalse"; boolean passed = getResults(expect, output, "Checking output from main()", true); assertTrue(passed); } }

The basic recipe for writing your own equals method, is:

1. Use the public boolean equals(Object other) method signature. Make sure the parameter type is Object, not the class you are defining.

2. Check of this == other to quickly return true when comparing an object to itself.

3. Use instanceof to check if other is an instance of this class and return false if not.

4. Cast other to the current class.

5. Finally compare this object’s attributes to the other object’s with == for primitive types like int and double and equals for reference types. If you need to compare multiple attributes && together the comparisons of the individual attributes since two objects should only be equal if all the attributes match.

Note that the requirements on equals make it almost impossible to correctly override it in a subclass of a class that has already overridden the Object version. To see why, imagine if we made a subclass of Word, ClassifiedWord and added another attribute, partOfSpeech.

If we override equals in the ClassifiedWord to only consider two ClassifiedWord objects equals if their spelling, language, and part of speech match, that will break the symmetry since regularWord.equals(classifiedWord) will invoke the equals from Word which will only compare the spelling and language of the word but classifiedWord.equals(regularWord) will return false assuming the equals in ClassifiedWord checks that other is an instanceof ClassifiedWord. In general you should only provide an overridden equals method in one class in a class hierarchy.

10.7.4. Programming Challenge : Savings Account

The following code contains the beginning of a class for representing a bank account containing the account holder’s name and the money balance in the account.

Work in pairs to write the following code and test each part before moving on to the next step:

1. Implement a toString method in Account that returns a String representing the instance variables in Account in the form name, comma, space, balance.

2. Write a subclass called SavingsAccount that extends Account and adds an interest rate variable.

3. Write a constructor with 3 arguments (name, balance, interest rate) for the SavingsAccount class that uses the super constructor.

4. Write a toString method for SavingsAccount that returns a string consisting of the result of the superclass’s toString plus a comma, a space, and the interest rate.

Complete the subclass SavingsAccount below which inherits from Account and adds an interest rate variable. Write a constructor with 3 arguments, a toString, and an equals method for it. Uncomment the code in main to test your new class and methods.

public class Account { private String name; private double balance; public Account(String name, double balance) { this.name = name; this.balance = balance; } // Implement toString here public static void main(String[] args) { Account acct1 = new Account("Armani Smith", 1500); System.out.println(acct1); // Uncomment this code to test SavingsAccount /* SavingsAccount acct2 = new SavingsAccount("Dakota Jones",1500,4.5); System.out.println(acct2); */ } } /* * Write the SavingsAccount class which inherits from Account. Add an * interest rate instance variable and write a constructor and a toString * method. */ class SavingsAccount { } ==== import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.*; import java.io.*; public class RunestoneTests extends CodeTestHelper { public RunestoneTests() { super("Account"); } @Test public void test1() { String output = getMethodOutput("main"); String expect = "Armani Smith, 1500.0\nDakota Jones, 1500.0, 4.5"; boolean passed = getResults(expect, output, "Checking output from main()"); assertTrue(passed); } @Test public void test3() { String target = "public String toString()"; String code = getCode(); int index = code.indexOf("class SavingsAccount"); code = code.substring(index); boolean passed = code.contains(target); getResults( "true", "" + passed, "Checking that code contains toString() in SavingsAccount", passed); assertTrue(passed); } @Test public void test30() { String target = "super.toString()"; String code = getCode(); int index = code.indexOf("class SavingsAccount"); code = code.substring(index); boolean passed = code.contains(target); getResults( "true", "" + passed, "Checking that code contains call to super.toString() in SavingsAccount", passed); assertTrue(passed); } @Test public void containsExtends() { String target = "SavingsAccount extends Account"; boolean passed = checkCodeContains(target); assertTrue(passed); } }

10.7.5. Summary

• The Object class is the superclass of all other classes in Java and a part of the built-in java.lang package.

• The following Object class methods are part of the Java Quick Reference:

  • String toString()

  • boolean equals(Object other)

• Subclasses of Object often override the toString and equals methods with class-specific implementations.

• When overriding equals, it’s important to satisfy all the requirements of a correct implementation.

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