7.2. Traversing Arrays with For Loops¶
7.2.1. Index Variables¶
In the last lesson, we mentioned that you can use a variable for the index of an array. You can even do math with that index and have an arithmetic expression inside the [], like below.
// highScores array declaration
int[] highScores = { 10, 9, 8, 8};
// use a variable for the index
int index = 3;
// modify array value at index
highScores[index] = 11;
// print array value at index
System.out.println( highScores[index] );
System.out.println( highScores[index - 1] );
What does the code above print out? You can follow the code in this visualizer and look at the image depicting the array below.
What do you think the following code will print out? First trace through it on paper keeping track of the array and the index variable. Then, run it to see if you were right. You can also follow it in the visualizer by clicking on the Show Code Lens button.
7.2.2. For Loop to Traverse Arrays¶
We can use iteration with a for loop to visit each element of an array. This is called traversing the array. Just start the index at 0 and loop while the index is less than the length of the array. Note that the variable i (short for index) is often used in loops as the loop counter variable and is used here to access each element of an array with its index.
For example, here is a loop traversing the highScores
array to print every score. Follow the code below in the visualizer.
int[] highScores = { 10, 9, 8, 11};
for (int i = 0; i < highScores.length; i++)
{
System.out.println( highScores[i] );
}
Note
Using a variable as the index is a powerful data abstraction feature because it allows us to use loops with arrays where the loop counter variable is the index of the array! This allows our code to generalize to work for the whole array.
What do you think the following code will print out? First trace through it on paper keeping track of the array and the index variable. Then, run it to see if you were right. Try the Code Lens button. Then, try adding your name and a friend’s name to the array names and run the code again. Did the code work without changing the loop?
The following code demonstrates a loop that changes the values in an array. In this code, the array is passed as an argument to the static methods in the class. Arrays in Java are objects. The array variables are references to an address in memory. Since arrays can be very large, we do not want to copy them when we pass them into methods. When an array is passed as an argument to a method, the name of the array refers to its address in memory. Therefore, any changes to the array in the method will affect the original array. You can also try the code in the Java visualizer.
What does the following code print out? Trace through it keeping track of the array values and the output. Then run it to see if you’re right. Notice that in this code, the array is passed as an argument to the methods. You can also try the code in the Java visualizer with the Code Lens button.
Note
Arrays in Java are objects. When arrays are passed in as arguments to methods, any changes to the array in the method will affect the original array, since the array name is a reference value refering to the address of the array in memory.
The following method has the correct code to subtract amt from all the values in the array values, but the code is mixed up. Drag the blocks from the left into the correct order on the right. You will be told if any of the blocks are in the wrong order.
7.2.3. Looping From Back to Front¶
You don’t have to loop through an array from the front to the back. You can loop by starting at the back of the array and move toward the front during each time through the loop. In the example below, the method getIndexOfLastElementSmallerThanTarget
returns the index of the last element in the array that is smaller than the given argument. The return statement inside the loop stops the execution of the loop and the method and returns the index that is found immediately back to the main method. It returns -1 if there is no number in the array that is smaller than the given number.
What does the following code print out? Notice that the array and the target are passed in as arguments to the getIndexOfLastElementSmallerThanTarget method. Trace through it keeping track of the array values and the output. Then run it to see if you’re right. You can also try the code in the Java visualizer with the Code Lens button. Can you add another method that finds the index of the last element greater than the target instead of smaller than the target and have main print out a test of it? Call this method getIndexOfLastElementGreaterThanTarget and give it 2 arguments and a return value like the method below.
- -1
- The method will only return -1 if no value in the array is less than the passed value.
- -15
- The method returns the index of the first item in the array that is less than the value, not the value.
- 1
- Since the method loops from the back towards the front -15 is the last value in the array that is less than -13 and it is at index 1.
- You will get an out of bounds error.
- No, the method correctly starts the index at values.length - 1 and continues as long as i is greater than or equal to 0.
6-2-6: Given the following code segment (which is identical to the method above) what will be returned when you execute: getIndexOfLastElementSmallerThanTarget(values,-13)
;
private int[ ] values = {-20, -15, 2, 8, 16, 33};
public static int getIndexOfLastElementSmallerThanTarget(int[ ] values, int compare)
{
for (int i = values.length - 1; i >=0; i--)
{
if (values[i] < compare)
return i;
}
return -1; // to show none found
}
- -1
- The method will only return -1 if no value in the array is less than the passed value.
- 1
- Check the starting index. Is it correct?
- 2
- Check the starting index. Is it correct?
- You will get an out of bounds error.
- You can not start the index at the length of the array. You must start at the length of the array minus one. This is a common mistake.
6-2-7: Given the following code segment (which is not quite identical to the method above) what will be returned when you execute: getIndexOfLastElementSmallerThanTarget(values, 7)
;
int[ ] values = {-20, -15, 2, 8, 16, 33};
public static int getIndexOfLastElementSmallerThanTarget(int[] values, int compare)
{
for (int i = values.length; i >=0; i--)
{
if (values[i] < compare)
return i;
}
return -1; // to show none found
}
7.2.4. Looping through Part of an Array¶
You don’t have to loop through all of the elements of an array. You can loop through just some of the elements of an array using a for loop. The following code doubles the first five elements in an array. Notice that it uses a complex conditional (&&
) on line 14 to make sure that the loop doesn’t go beyond the length of the array, because if you had an array that had less than 5 elements, you wouldn’t want the code to try to double the 5th element which doesn’t exist! Notice that in this code, the array is a private instance variable of the class ArrayWorker. It is created in the constructor and changed or accessed by the methods.
What will the following code print out? Can you write a similar method called tripleFirstFour() that triples the first 4 elements of the array? Make sure you test it in main.
You can even start in the middle and loop through the rest of the array.
Does this work for arrays that have an even number of elements? Does it work for arrays that have an odd number of elements? Modify the main code below to test with both arrays with an even number of items and an odd number.
- {-40, -30, 4, 16, 32, 66}
- This would true if it looped through the whole array. Does it?
- {-40, -30, 4, 8, 16, 32}
- This would be true if it looped from the beginning to the middle. Does it?
- {-20, -15, 2, 16, 32, 66}
- It loops from the middle to the end doubling each value. Since there are 6 elements it will start at index 3.
- {-20, -15, 2, 8, 16, 33}
- This would be true if array elements didn't change, but they do.
6-2-10: Given the following values of a and the method doubleLast what will the values of a be after you execute: doubleLast()?
private int[ ] a = {-20, -15, 2, 8, 16, 33};
public void doubleLast()
{
for (int i = a.length / 2; i < a.length; i++)
{
a[i] = a[i] * 2;
}
}
- {-40, -30, 4, 16, 32, 66}
- This would true if it looped through the whole array and doubled each. Does it?
- {-40, -30, 4, 8, 16, 33}
- This would be true if it looped from the beginning to the middle and doubled each. Does it?
- {-20, -15, 2, 16, 32, 66}
- This would be true if it looped from the middle to the end and doubled each. Does it?
- {-40, -15, 4, 8, 16, 33}
- This loops from the beginning to the middle and doubles every other element (i+=2 is the same as i = i + 2).
- {-40, -15, 4, 8, 32, 33}
- This would be true if it looped through the whole array and doubled every other element. Does it?
6-2-11: Given the following values of a and the method mystery what will the values of a be after you execute: mystery()?
private int[ ] a = {-20, -15, 2, 8, 16, 33};
public void mystery()
{
for (int i = 0; i < a.length/2; i+=2)
{
a[i] = a[i] * 2;
}
}
The following program has the correct code to reverse the elements in an array, a, but the code is mixed up. Drag the blocks from the left into the correct order on the right. You will be told if any of the blocks are in the wrong order.
The following program has the correct code to return the average of the first 3 items in the array a, but the code is mixed up. Drag the blocks from the left into the correct order on the right. You will be told if any of the blocks are in the wrong order or are indented incorrectly.
7.2.5. Common Errors When Looping Through an Array¶
When processing all array elements, be careful to start at the first index which is 0
and end at the last index. Usually loops are written so that the index starts at 0 and continues while the index is less than arrayName.length
since (arrayName.length - 1
) is the index for the last element in the array. Make sure you do not use <=
instead of <
! If the index is less than 0 or greater than (arrayName.length - 1
), an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException will be thrown. Off by one errors, where you go off the array by 1 element, are easy to make when traversing an array which result in an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException being thrown.
for (int i = 0; i < scores.length; i++)
-
This loop will traverse the complete array.
for (int i = 1; i < scores.length; i++)
-
This loop will not cause an error even though it will not visit the element at index 0.
for (int i = 0; i <= scores.length; i++)
-
The index cannot be equal to scores.length, since (scores.length - 1) is the index of the last element.
for (int i = 0; scores.length > i; i++)
-
Although the ending condition looks strange, (scores.length > i) is equivalent to (i < scores.length).
for (int i = scores.length - 1; i >= 0; i++)
-
This will cause an error because i++ will continue to increment the index past the end of the array. It should be replaced with i– to avoid this error.
6-2-14: Which of the following loop headers will cause an ArrayIndexOutOfBounds error while traversing the array scores?
The following code has an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException. It has 2 common off-by-one errors in the loop. Can you fix it and make the loop print out all the scores?
Be careful not to jump out of loop too early when you are looking for a value in an array. The method below uses return statements to stop the execution of the method and return a value to the method that called this method. However, you must be careful not to stop the loop too soon.
What is wrong with the code below? The first time through the loop it will start with the element at index 0 and check if the item at the array index equals the passed target string. If they have the same characters in the same order it will return 0, otherwise it will return -1. But, it has only processed one element of the array. How would you fix the code to work correctly (process all array elements before returning)?
- The values don't matter this will always cause an infinite loop.
- An infinite loop will not always occur in this code segment.
- Whenever a includes a value that is less than or equal to zero.
- When a contains a value that is less than or equal to zero then multiplying that value by 2 will never make the result larger than the temp value (which was set to some value > 0), so an infinite loop will occur.
- Whenever a has values larger then temp.
- Values larger then temp will not cause an infinite loop.
- When all values in a are larger than temp.
- Values larger then temp will not cause an infinite loop.
- Whenever a includes a value equal to temp.
- Values equal to temp will not cause the infinite loop.
6-2-17: Given the following code segment, which of the following will cause an infinite loop? Assume that temp
is an int variable initialized to be greater than zero and that a
is an array of integers.
for ( int k = 0; k < a.length; k++ )
{
while ( a[ k ] < temp )
{
a[ k ] *= 2;
}
}
7.2.6. Programming Challenge : SpellChecker¶
In this challenge, you will use an array of English words from a dictionary file to see if a given word is spelled correctly. We encourage you to work in pairs for this challenge. Make sure you have done the last coding exercise above which will help you with this challenge.
This challenge includes a dictionary file of 10,000 English words which is read into the array dictionary for you. You could use this replit code instead that has an even bigger dictionary of English words and lets you do input with your spell checker. If you use repl, copy in the link for your repl in the Active Code window below to turn it in. If you are interested in how to read in files using Java, there is an optional input files lesson at the end of Unit 7.
Write a
print10
method that prints out the first 10 words of the dictionary array. Do not print out the whole array of 10,000 words!Write a
spellcheck
method that takes a word as a parameter and returns true if it is in the dictionary array. It should return false if it is not found (When can you tell that you have not found a word in the dictionary?). Test your code below by changing the word sent to the spellcheck() method in main. This algorithm is called a linear search where we step through the array one element at a time (here the dictionary one word at a time) looking for a certain element.Optional Challenge: Write a method
printStartsWith(String)
that prints out the words that start with aString
of letters in thedictionary
array. Your method should take a parameter for thefirstLetters
as aString
. You could use the Java String startsWith() method here if you’d like to, or useindexOf
to see if thefirstLetters
is at index 0 of the string. This is not autograded.
a aa aaa aaron ab abandoned abc aberdeen abilities ability able aboriginal abortion about above abraham abroad abs absence absent absolute absolutely absorption abstract abstracts abu abuse ac academic academics academy acc accent accept acceptable acceptance accepted accepting accepts access accessed accessibility accessible accessing accessories accessory accident accidents accommodate accommodation accommodations accompanied accompanying accomplish accomplished accordance according accordingly account accountability accounting accounts accreditation accredited accuracy accurate accurately accused acdbentity ace acer achieve achieved achievement achievements achieving acid acids acknowledge acknowledged acm acne acoustic acquire acquired acquisition acquisitions acre acres acrobat across acrylic act acting action actions activated activation active actively activists activities activity actor actors actress acts actual actually acute ad ada adam adams adaptation adapted adapter 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quebec queen queens queensland queries query quest question questionnaire questions queue qui quick quickly quiet quilt quit quite quiz quizzes quotations quote quoted quotes r ra rabbit race races rachel racial racing rack racks radar radiation radical radio radios radius rage raid rail railroad railway rain rainbow raise raised raises raising raleigh rally ralph ram ran ranch rand random randy range rangers ranges ranging rank ranked ranking rankings ranks rap rape rapid rapidly rapids rare rarely rat rate rated rates rather rating ratings ratio rational ratios rats raw ray raymond rays rb rc rca rd re reach reached reaches reaching reaction reactions read reader readers readily reading readings reads ready real realistic reality realize realized really realm realtor realtors realty rear reason reasonable reasonably reasoning reasons rebate rebates rebecca rebel rebound rec recall receipt receive received receiver receivers receives receiving recent recently reception receptor 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reservation reservations reserve reserved reserves reservoir reset residence resident residential residents resist resistance resistant resolution resolutions resolve resolved resort resorts resource resources respect respected respective respectively respiratory respond responded respondent respondents responding response responses responsibilities responsibility responsible rest restaurant restaurants restoration restore restored restrict restricted restriction restrictions restructuring result resulted resulting results resume resumes retail retailer retailers retain retained retention retired retirement retreat retrieval retrieve retrieved retro return returned returning returns reunion reuters rev reveal revealed reveals revelation revenge revenue revenues reverse review reviewed reviewer reviewing reviews revised revision revisions revolution revolutionary reward rewards reynolds rf rfc rg rh rhode rhythm ri ribbon rica rice rich richard richards richardson richmond rick rico rid 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special specialist specialists specialized specializing specially specials specialties specialty species specific specifically specification specifications specifics specified specifies specify specs spectacular spectrum speech speeches speed speeds spell spelling spencer spend spending spent sperm sphere spice spider spies spin spine spirit spirits spiritual spirituality split spoke spoken spokesman sponsor sponsored sponsors sponsorship sport sporting sports spot spotlight spots spouse spray spread spreading spring springer springfield springs sprint spy spyware sq sql squad square squirt squirting sr src sri ss ssl st stability stable stack stadium staff staffing stage stages stainless stakeholders stamp stamps stan stand standard standards standing standings stands stanford stanley star starring stars starsmerchant start started starter starting starts startup stat state stated statement statements states statewide static stating station stationery stations statistical statistics 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telecommunications telephone telephony telescope television televisions tell telling tells temp temperature temperatures template templates temple temporal temporarily temporary ten tenant tend tender tennessee tennis tension tent term terminal terminals termination terminology terms terrace terrain terrible territories territory terror terrorism terrorist terrorists terry test testament tested testimonials testimony testing tests tex texas text textbook textbooks textile textiles texts texture tf tft tgp th thai thailand than thank thanks thanksgiving that thats the theater theaters theatre thee theft thehun their them theme themes themselves then theology theorem theoretical theories theory therapeutic therapist therapy there thereafter thereby therefore thereof thermal thesaurus these thesis they thick thickness thin thing things think thinking thinkpad thinks third thirty this thomas thompson thomson thong thongs thorough thoroughly those thou though thought thoughts thousand 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Write print10 and spellcheck methods using for loops. Spellchek should take a word as a parameter and return true if it is in the dictionary array. Return false if it is not found.
7.2.7. Design an Array of Objects for your Community¶
In Unit 5, you came up with a class of your own choice relevant to you or your community. In the last lesson 6.1, you created an array to hold objects of your class. Copy your array of objects code from the last lesson 6.1. In this challenge, add a loop to traverse your array to print out each object.
Copy your class from the last lesson 6.1 below. It should create an array of 3 objects of your class and initialize them to new objects. Instead of calling their print() methods individually, write a loop that traverses your array to print out each object using the index i.
7.2.8. Summary¶
Iteration (loops) can be used to access all the elements in an array, traversing the array.
Traversing an array with an indexed for loop or while loop requires elements to be accessed using their indices.
Since the index for an array starts at 0 and end at the number of elements − 1, “off by one” errors are easy to make when traversing an array, resulting in an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException being thrown.
7.2.9. Arrays Game¶
Try the game below to practice loops with arrays. Click on Arrays and then check on Loops and click on the elements of the * array that would be printed out by the given code. If you’re stuck, check on Labels to see the indices. We encourage you to work in pairs and see how high a score you can get.